struct.c

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/*
 *   This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 *   modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 *   License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 *   version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *   This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
 *   Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 *   You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 *   License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 *   Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
 */
 
/** Functions to encode / decode structures on the wire
 *
 * @file src/lib/util/struct.c
 *
 * @copyright 2018 The FreeRADIUS server project
 * @copyright 2018 Alan DeKok (aland@freeradius.org)
 */
RCSID("$Id: 8e378022b38a14a2845edc79000282b8ca66cfc8 $")
 
#include <freeradius-devel/util/struct.h>
#include <freeradius-devel/io/pair.h>
 
/** Convert a STRUCT to one or more VPs
 *
 */
ssize_t fr_struct_from_network(TALLOC_CTX *ctx, fr_pair_list_t *out,
                               fr_dict_attr_t const *parent, uint8_t const *data, size_t data_len,
                               void *decode_ctx,
                               fr_pair_decode_value_t decode_value, fr_pair_decode_value_t decode_tlv)
{
        unsigned int            child_num;
        uint8_t const           *p = data, *end = data + data_len;
        fr_dict_attr_t const    *child, *substruct_da;
        fr_pair_list_t          child_list_head;
        fr_pair_list_t          *child_list;
        fr_pair_t               *vp, *key_vp, *struct_vp = NULL;
        unsigned int            offset = 0;
        TALLOC_CTX              *child_ctx;
        ssize_t                 slen;
 
        if (data_len == 0) {
                fr_strerror_const("struct decoder was passed zero bytes of data");
                return -1; /* at least one byte of data */
        }
 
        FR_PROTO_TRACE("Decoding struct %s", parent->name);
        FR_PROTO_HEX_DUMP(data, data_len, "fr_struct_from_network");
 
        /*
         *      Start a child list.
         */
        fr_assert(parent->type == FR_TYPE_STRUCT);
 
        struct_vp = fr_pair_afrom_da(ctx, parent);
        if (!struct_vp) {
                return PAIR_DECODE_OOM;
        }
 
        fr_pair_list_init(&child_list_head); /* still used elsewhere */
        child_list = &struct_vp->vp_group;
        child_ctx = struct_vp;
        key_vp = NULL;
 
        /*
         *      Simplify the code by having a generic decode routine.
         */
        if (!decode_value) decode_value = fr_pair_decode_value;
 
        /*
         *      Decode structs with length prefixes.
         */
        if (da_is_length_field(parent)) {
                size_t claimed_len, field_len, calc_len;
 
                /*
                 *      Set how many bytes there are in the "length" field.
                 */
                if (da_is_length_field8(parent)) {
                        field_len = 1;
                } else {
                        fr_assert(da_is_length_field16(parent));
                        field_len = 2;
                }
 
                if ((size_t) (end - p) < field_len) {
                        FR_PROTO_TRACE("Insufficient room for length field");
 
                invalid_struct:
                        /*
                         *      Some field could not be decoded.  Nuke the entire struct, and just make the
                         *      whole thing "raw".
                         */
                        TALLOC_FREE(struct_vp);
 
                        slen = fr_pair_raw_from_network(ctx, out, parent, data, data_len);
                        if (slen < 0) return slen;
                        return data_len;
                }
 
                claimed_len = p[0];
                if (field_len > 1) {
                        claimed_len <<= 8;
                        claimed_len |= p[1];
                }
                p += field_len;
 
                if (claimed_len < da_length_offset(parent)) {
                        FR_PROTO_TRACE("Length header (%zu) is smaller than minimum value (%u)",
                                       claimed_len, parent->flags.type_size);
                        goto invalid_struct;
                }
 
                /*
                 *      Get the calculated length of the actual data.
                 */
                calc_len = claimed_len - da_length_offset(parent);
 
                if (calc_len > (size_t) (end - p)) {
                        FR_PROTO_TRACE("Length header (%zu) is larger than remaining data (%zu)",
                                       claimed_len + field_len, (size_t) (end - p));
                        goto invalid_struct;
                }
 
                /*
                 *      Limit the size of the decoded structure to the correct length.
                 */
                data_len = calc_len;
                end = p + data_len;
        }
 
        /*
         *      @todo - If the struct is truncated on a MEMBER boundary, we silently omit
         *      the trailing members.  Maybe this should be an error?
         */
        for (child_num = 1;
             (p < end) && (child = fr_dict_attr_child_by_num(parent, child_num)) != NULL;
             child_num++) {
                size_t child_length;
 
                FR_PROTO_TRACE("Decoding struct %s child %s (%d)", parent->name, child->name, child->attr);
                FR_PROTO_HEX_DUMP(p, (end - p), "fr_struct_from_network - remaining %zu", (size_t) (end - p));
 
                /*
                 *      Check for bit fields.
                 */
                if (da_is_bit_field(child)) {
                        uint8_t array[8];
                        unsigned int num_bits;
                        uint64_t value;
 
                        num_bits = offset + child->flags.length;
                        if ((size_t)(end - p) < fr_bytes_from_bits(num_bits)) {
                                FR_PROTO_TRACE("not enough data for bit decoder?");
                                goto remainder_raw;
                        }
 
                        memset(array, 0, sizeof(array));
                        memcpy(&array[0], p, fr_bytes_from_bits(num_bits));
 
                        if (offset > 0) array[0] &= (1 << (8 - offset)) - 1; /* mask off bits we don't care about */
 
                        memcpy(&value, &array[0], sizeof(value));
                        value = htonll(value);
                        value >>= (8 - offset); /* move it to the lower bits */
                        value >>= (56 - child->flags.length);
 
                        vp = fr_pair_afrom_da(child_ctx, child);
                        if (!vp) {
                                FR_PROTO_TRACE("fr_struct_from_network - failed allocating child VP");
                        oom:
                                talloc_free(struct_vp);
                                return PAIR_DECODE_OOM;
                        }
 
                        switch (child->type) {
                                case FR_TYPE_BOOL:
                                        vp->vp_bool = value;
                                        break;
 
                                case FR_TYPE_UINT8:
                                        vp->vp_uint8 = value;
                                        break;
 
                                case FR_TYPE_UINT16:
                                        vp->vp_uint16 = value;
                                        break;
 
                                case FR_TYPE_UINT32:
                                        vp->vp_uint32 = value;
                                        break;
 
                                case FR_TYPE_UINT64:
                                        vp->vp_uint64 = value;
                                        break;
 
                                default:
                                        FR_PROTO_TRACE("Can't decode unknown type?");
                                        goto remainder_raw;
                        }
 
                        vp->vp_tainted = true;
                        fr_pair_append(child_list, vp);
 
                        p += (num_bits >> 3); /* go to the LAST bit, not the byte AFTER the last bit */
                        offset = num_bits & 0x07;
                        continue;
                }
 
                fr_assert(offset == 0);
                offset = 0;     /* reset for non-bit-field attributes */
 
                /*
                 *      The child is either unknown width, OR known width with a length that is too large for
                 *      the "length" field, OR is known width via some kind of protocol-specific length header.
                 */
                if (!child->flags.length || child->flags.array) {
                        child_length = end - p;
 
                } else {
                        child_length = child->flags.length;
 
                        /*
                         *      If this field overflows the input, then *all*
                         *      of the input is suspect.
                         */
                        if (child_length > (size_t) (end - p)) {
                                FR_PROTO_TRACE("fr_struct_from_network - child length %zu overflows buffer", child_length);
                                goto remainder_raw;
                        }
                }
 
                /*
                 *      We only allow a limited number of data types
                 *      inside of a struct.
                 */
                switch (child->type) {
                case FR_TYPE_INTERNAL:
                case FR_TYPE_NULL:
                        FR_PROTO_TRACE("fr_struct_from_network - unknown child type");
                        goto remainder_raw;
 
                case FR_TYPE_STRUCT:
                case FR_TYPE_VSA:
                case FR_TYPE_VENDOR:
                case FR_TYPE_GROUP:
                case FR_TYPE_LEAF:
                        break;
 
                /*
                 *      Decode child TLVs, according to the parent attribute.
                 */
                case FR_TYPE_TLV:
                        fr_assert(!key_vp);
 
                        if (!decode_tlv) {
                                fr_strerror_const("Decoding TLVs requires a decode_tlv() function to be passed");
                                talloc_free(struct_vp);
                                return -(p - data);
                        }
 
                        /*
                         *      Decode all of the remaining data as
                         *      TLVs.  Any malformed TLVs are appended
                         *      as raw VP.
                         */
                        while (p < end) {
                                slen = decode_tlv(child_ctx, child_list, child, p, end - p, decode_ctx);
                                if (slen < 0) {
                                        FR_PROTO_TRACE("failed decoding TLV?");
                                        goto remainder_raw;
                                }
                                p += slen;
                        }
 
                        goto done;
 
                /*
                 *      The child is a union, it MUST be at the end of
                 *      the struct, and we must have seen a key before
                 *      we reach the union.  See dict_tokenize.
                 */
                case FR_TYPE_UNION:
                        fr_assert(!fr_dict_attr_child_by_num(parent, child_num + 1));
                        if (!key_vp) {
                        remainder_raw:
                                child_length = end - p;
                                goto raw;
                        }
 
                        /*
                         *      Create the union wrapper, and reset the child_ctx and child_list to it.
                         */
                        vp = fr_pair_afrom_da(child_ctx, child);
                        if (!vp) goto oom;
 
                        fr_pair_append(child_list, vp);
                        substruct_da = child;
                        child_ctx = vp;
                        child_list = &vp->vp_group;
                        goto substruct;
                }
 
                /*
                 *      Magic values get the callback called.
                 *
                 *      @todo - if this is an array of DNS labels, we
                 *      need to do decompression checks on the entire
                 *      block, and then decode each field
                 *      individually.
                 */
                if (child->flags.array) {
                        slen = fr_pair_array_from_network(child_ctx, child_list, child, p, child_length, decode_ctx, decode_value);
                } else {
                        slen = decode_value(child_ctx, child_list, child, p, child_length, decode_ctx);
                }
                if (slen < 0) {
                        FR_PROTO_TRACE("Failed decoding value");
 
                raw:
                        slen = fr_pair_raw_from_network(child_ctx, child_list, child, p, child_length);
                        if (slen < 0) {
                                talloc_free(struct_vp);
                                return slen;
                        }
                }
 
                p += slen;      /* not always the same as child->flags.length */
 
                if (fr_dict_attr_is_key_field(child)) {
                        fr_assert(!key_vp);
                        key_vp = fr_pair_list_tail(child_list);
                }
        }
 
        /*
         *      Is there a substructure after this one?  If so, go
         *      decode it.
         */
        if (key_vp) {
                fr_dict_enum_value_t const *enumv;
 
                substruct_da = key_vp->da;
 
        substruct:
                child = NULL;
 
                FR_PROTO_TRACE("Key %s", key_vp->da->name);
                FR_PROTO_HEX_DUMP(p, (end - p), "fr_struct_from_network - child structure");
 
                /*
                 *      Nothing more to decode, don't decode it.
                 */
                if (p >= end) {
                        FR_PROTO_TRACE("Expected substruct, but there is none. We're done decoding this structure");
                        goto done;
                }
 
                enumv = fr_dict_enum_by_value(key_vp->da, &key_vp->data);
                if (enumv) child = enumv->key_child_ref[0];
 
                if (!child) {
                        FR_PROTO_TRACE("No matching child structure found");
                unknown_child:
                        /*
                         *      Always encode the unknown child as
                         *      attribute number 0.  Since the unknown
                         *      children have no "real" number, and
                         *      are all unique da's, they are
                         *      incomparable.  And thus can all be
                         *      given the same number.
                         */
                        child = fr_dict_attr_unknown_raw_afrom_num(child_ctx, substruct_da, 0);
                        if (!child) {
                                FR_PROTO_TRACE("failed allocating unknown child for key VP %s - %s",
                                               key_vp->da->name, fr_strerror());
                                goto oom;
                        }
 
                        slen = fr_pair_raw_from_network(child_ctx, child_list, child, p, end - p);
                        if (slen < 0) {
                                FR_PROTO_TRACE("Failed creating raw VP from malformed or unknown substruct for child %s", child->name);
                                fr_dict_attr_unknown_free(&child);
                                return slen;
                        }
 
                        p = end;
                } else {
                        FR_PROTO_TRACE("Decoding child structure %s", child->name);
 
                        fr_assert(child->type == FR_TYPE_STRUCT);
 
                        slen = fr_struct_from_network(child_ctx, child_list, child, p, end - p,
                                                      decode_ctx, decode_value, decode_tlv);
                        if (slen <= 0) {
                                FR_PROTO_TRACE("substruct %s decoding failed", child->name);
                                goto unknown_child;
                        }
                        p += slen;
                }
 
                fr_dict_attr_unknown_free(&child);
        }
 
done:
        fr_assert(struct_vp != NULL);
        fr_pair_append(out, struct_vp);
 
        FR_PROTO_TRACE("used %zu bytes", data_len);
        return p - data;
}
 
 
/** Put bits into an output dbuff
 *
 * @param dbuff         where the bytes go
 * @param p             where leftover bits go
 * @param start_bit     start bit in the dbuff where the data goes, 0..7
 * @param num_bits      number of bits to write to the output, 0..55
 * @param data          data to write, all in the lower "num_bits" of the uint64_t variable
 * @return
 *      >= 0    the next value to pass in for start_bit
 *      <  0    no space or invalid start_bit or num_bits parameter
 */
static int put_bits_dbuff(fr_dbuff_t *dbuff, uint8_t *p, int start_bit, uint8_t num_bits, uint64_t data)
{
        uint64_t        used_bits;
 
        if (start_bit < 0 || start_bit > 7) return -1;
        if (num_bits < 1 || num_bits > 56) return -1;
 
        /* Get bits buffered in *p */
        used_bits = *p & (-256 >> start_bit);
 
        /* Mask out all but the least significant num_bits bits of data */
        data &= (((uint64_t) 1) << num_bits) - 1;
 
        /* Move it towards the most significant end and put used_bits at the top */
        data <<= (64 - (start_bit + num_bits));
        data |= used_bits << 56;
 
        data = htonll(data);
 
        start_bit += num_bits;
        if (start_bit > 7) FR_DBUFF_IN_MEMCPY_RETURN(dbuff, (uint8_t const *) &data, (size_t)(start_bit / 8));
 
        *p = ((uint8_t *) &data)[start_bit / 8];
        return start_bit % 8;
}
 
static int8_t pair_sort_increasing(void const *a, void const *b)
{
        fr_pair_t const *my_a = a;
        fr_pair_t const *my_b = b;
        int8_t ret;
 
        /*
         *      Deeper attributes come later in the list.
         */
        ret = CMP_PREFER_SMALLER(my_a->da->depth, my_b->da->depth);
        if (ret != 0) return ret;
 
        return CMP_PREFER_SMALLER(my_a->da->attr, my_b->da->attr);
}
 
static void *struct_next_encodable(fr_dcursor_t *cursor, void *current, void *uctx)
{
        fr_pair_t       *c = current;
        fr_dict_attr_t  *parent = talloc_get_type_abort(uctx, fr_dict_attr_t);
 
        while ((c = fr_dlist_next(cursor->dlist, c))) {
                PAIR_VERIFY(c);
 
                if (c->da->dict != parent->dict || c->da->flags.internal) continue;
                break;
        }
 
        return c;
}
 
static ssize_t encode_tlv(fr_dbuff_t *dbuff, fr_dict_attr_t const *tlv,
                          fr_da_stack_t *da_stack, unsigned int depth,
                          fr_dcursor_t *cursor, void *encode_ctx,
                          UNUSED fr_encode_dbuff_t encode_value, fr_encode_dbuff_t encode_pair)
 
{
        fr_pair_t       *vp;
        fr_dcursor_t    child_cursor;
        fr_dbuff_t      work_dbuff = FR_DBUFF(dbuff);
 
        if (!encode_pair) {
                fr_strerror_printf("Asked to encode child attribute %s, but we were not passed an encoding function",
                                   tlv->name);
                return PAIR_ENCODE_FATAL_ERROR;
        }
 
        vp = fr_dcursor_current(cursor);
        if (!vp || (vp->da != tlv)) return 0;
 
        vp = fr_pair_dcursor_init(&child_cursor, &vp->vp_group);
        if (vp) {
                ssize_t slen;
 
                FR_PROTO_TRACE("fr_struct_to_network trailing TLVs of %s", tlv->name);
                fr_proto_da_stack_build(da_stack, vp->da);
                FR_PROTO_STACK_PRINT(da_stack, depth);
 
                slen = fr_pair_cursor_to_network(&work_dbuff, da_stack, depth + 1, &child_cursor, encode_ctx, encode_pair);
                if (slen < 0) return slen;
        }
 
        return fr_dbuff_set(dbuff, &work_dbuff);
}
 
static ssize_t encode_union(fr_dbuff_t *dbuff, fr_dict_attr_t const *wrapper,
                            fr_dict_attr_t const *key_da, fr_pair_t const *key_vp, fr_dbuff_marker_t *key_m,
                            fr_da_stack_t *da_stack, unsigned int depth,
                            fr_dcursor_t *cursor, void *encode_ctx,
                            UNUSED fr_encode_dbuff_t encode_value, fr_encode_dbuff_t encode_pair)
 
{
        ssize_t         slen;
        fr_pair_t       *parent, *child, *found = NULL;
        fr_dcursor_t    child_cursor;
        fr_dbuff_t      work_dbuff = FR_DBUFF(dbuff);
 
        if (!encode_pair) {
                fr_strerror_printf("Asked to encode child attribute %s, but we were not passed an encoding function",
                                   wrapper->name);
                return PAIR_ENCODE_FATAL_ERROR;
        }
 
        parent = fr_dcursor_current(cursor);
        if (!parent || (parent->da != wrapper)) return 0;
 
        fr_assert(key_vp);      /* @todo */
 
        child = fr_pair_dcursor_init(&child_cursor, &parent->vp_group);
        if (!child) {
                /*
                 *      @todo - do we want to skip encoding the entire parent structure?
                 */
                FR_PROTO_TRACE("fr_struct_to_network union %s has no children", key_da->name);
                return 0;
        }
 
        fr_assert(child->vp_type == FR_TYPE_STRUCT);
 
        /*
         *      There's a key VP, we find the matching child struct, and then set the cursor to encode just
         *      that child.
         */
        if (key_vp) {
                fr_dict_enum_value_t const *enumv;
 
                enumv = fr_dict_enum_by_value(key_da, &key_vp->data);
                if (enumv) {
                        found = fr_pair_find_by_da(&parent->vp_group, NULL, enumv->key_child_ref[0]);
                        if (found) {
                                (void) fr_dcursor_set_current(&child_cursor, found);
                        }
                }
        }
 
        /*
         *      No child matching the key vp was found.  Either there's no key_vp, or the key_vp doesn't match
         *      the chld we have.
         *
         *      We then update the key field so that it corresponds to the child that we found.
         */
        if (!found) {
                fr_dict_enum_value_t const *enumv;
                fr_dict_enum_iter_t iter;
                fr_dbuff_t key_dbuff;
 
                /*
                 *      Root through the enum values, looking for a child ref which matches the child we
                 *      found.
                 */
                for (enumv = fr_dict_enum_iter_init(key_da, &iter);
                     enumv != NULL;
                     enumv = fr_dict_enum_iter_next(key_da, &iter)) {
                        if (enumv->key_child_ref[0] == child->da) break;
                }
 
                /*
                 *      There's a child, but no matching enum.  That's a fatal error of the dictionary
                 *      tokenizer.
                 */
                if (!fr_cond_assert(enumv)) return PAIR_ENCODE_FATAL_ERROR;
 
                /*
                 *      Create a dbuff for the key, and encode the key.
                 *
                 *      Note that enumv->value->vb_length is NOT set. That field is really only used for
                 *      string / octet data types.
                 */
                fr_assert(key_da->flags.length >= 1);
                fr_assert(key_da->flags.length <= 4);
 
                FR_DBUFF_INIT(&key_dbuff, fr_dbuff_current(key_m), (size_t) key_da->flags.length);
 
                FR_PROTO_TRACE("fr_struct_to_network union %s encoding key %s for child %s",
                               parent->da->name, key_da->name, child->da->name);
 
                if (fr_value_box_to_network(&key_dbuff, enumv->value) <= 0) return PAIR_ENCODE_FATAL_ERROR;
        }
 
        /*
         *      And finally encode the one child.
         */
        FR_PROTO_TRACE("fr_struct_to_network union %s encoding child %s", parent->da->name, child->da->name);
        fr_proto_da_stack_build(da_stack, child->da);
        FR_PROTO_STACK_PRINT(da_stack, depth);
 
        slen = fr_struct_to_network(&work_dbuff, da_stack, depth + 2,
                                    &child_cursor, encode_ctx, encode_value, encode_pair);
        if (slen < 0) return slen;
 
        /*
         *      @todo - if there is more than one child of the union, that's an error!
         */
 
        return fr_dbuff_set(dbuff, &work_dbuff);
}
 
static ssize_t encode_keyed_struct(fr_dbuff_t *dbuff, fr_pair_t const *vp,
                                   fr_da_stack_t *da_stack, unsigned int depth,
                                   fr_dcursor_t *cursor, void *encode_ctx,
                                   fr_encode_dbuff_t encode_value, fr_encode_dbuff_t encode_pair)
{
        FR_PROTO_TRACE("fr_struct_to_network encoding key %s", vp->da->name);
 
        /*
         *      We usually have a keyed struct for the child.
         */
        if (vp->vp_type == FR_TYPE_STRUCT) {
                fr_proto_da_stack_build(da_stack, vp->da);
                return fr_struct_to_network(dbuff, da_stack, depth + 2, /* note + 2 !!! */
                                            cursor, encode_ctx, encode_value, encode_pair);
        }
 
        /*
         *      If it's not a real child, then it's a raw something.
         */
        fr_assert(vp->vp_type == FR_TYPE_OCTETS);
        fr_assert(vp->da->flags.is_unknown);
 
        if (fr_value_box_to_network(dbuff, &vp->data) <= 0) return PAIR_ENCODE_FATAL_ERROR;
        (void) fr_dcursor_next(cursor);
        return 0;
}
 
ssize_t fr_struct_to_network(fr_dbuff_t *dbuff,
                             fr_da_stack_t *da_stack, unsigned int depth,
                             fr_dcursor_t *parent_cursor, void *encode_ctx,
                             fr_encode_dbuff_t encode_value, fr_encode_dbuff_t encode_pair)
{
        fr_dbuff_t              work_dbuff;
        fr_dbuff_marker_t       hdr;
        int                     offset = 0;
        unsigned int            child_num;
        bool                    do_length = false;
        uint8_t                 bit_buffer = 0;
        fr_pair_t const         *vp = fr_dcursor_current(parent_cursor);
        fr_pair_t const         *key_vp = NULL;
        fr_dict_attr_t const    *child, *parent, *key_da = NULL;
        fr_dcursor_t            child_cursor, *cursor;
        size_t                  prefix_length = 0;
        ssize_t                 slen;
        fr_dbuff_marker_t       key_m;
 
        if (!vp) {
                fr_strerror_printf("%s: Can't encode empty struct", __FUNCTION__);
                return PAIR_ENCODE_FATAL_ERROR;
        }
 
        PAIR_VERIFY(vp);
        parent = da_stack->da[depth];
 
        if (parent->type != FR_TYPE_STRUCT) {
                fr_strerror_printf("%s: Expected type \"struct\" got \"%s\"", __FUNCTION__,
                                   fr_type_to_str(parent->type));
                return PAIR_ENCODE_FATAL_ERROR;
        }
 
        /*
         *      If we get passed a struct VP, sort its children.
         */
        if (vp->vp_type == FR_TYPE_STRUCT) {
                fr_pair_t *sorted = fr_dcursor_current(parent_cursor); /* NOT const */
 
                fr_pair_list_sort(&sorted->vp_group, pair_sort_increasing);
                fr_pair_dcursor_iter_init(&child_cursor, &sorted->vp_group, struct_next_encodable, parent);
 
                /*
                 *      Build the da_stack for the new structure.
                 */
                vp = fr_dcursor_current(&child_cursor);
                fr_proto_da_stack_build(da_stack, vp ? vp->da : NULL);
 
                FR_PROTO_TRACE("fr_struct_to_network encoding nested with parent %s", parent->name);
                cursor = &child_cursor;
        } else {
                FR_PROTO_TRACE("fr_struct_to_network encoding flat");
                cursor = parent_cursor;
        }
 
        /*
         *      @todo - if we get a child which *eventually* has the
         *      given parent, then allow encoding of that struct, too.
         *      This allows us to encode structures automatically,
         *      even if key fields are omitted.
         *
         *      Note that this check catches TLVs which are "flat" and
         *      not nested.  We could fix that by adding a special
         *      case, but it's better to just fix everything to handle
         *      nested attributes.
         */
        if (vp && (vp->da->parent != parent)) {
                fr_strerror_printf("%s: Asked to encode %s, but its parent %s is not the expected parent %s",
                                   __FUNCTION__, vp->da->name, vp->da->parent->name, parent->name);
                return PAIR_ENCODE_FATAL_ERROR;
        }
 
        /*
         *      Some structs are prefixed by a 16-bit length.
         */
        if (!da_is_length_field(parent)) {
                work_dbuff = FR_DBUFF(dbuff);
 
        } else if (da_is_length_field8(parent)) {
                work_dbuff = FR_DBUFF_MAX(dbuff, UINT8_MAX);
                fr_dbuff_marker(&hdr, &work_dbuff);
 
                FR_DBUFF_ADVANCE_RETURN(&work_dbuff, 1);
                prefix_length = 1;
                do_length = true;
 
        } else {
                fr_assert(da_is_length_field16(parent));
 
                work_dbuff = FR_DBUFF_MAX(dbuff, UINT16_MAX);
                fr_dbuff_marker(&hdr, &work_dbuff);
 
                FR_DBUFF_ADVANCE_RETURN(&work_dbuff, 2);
                prefix_length = 2;
                do_length = true;
        }
 
        if (!encode_value) encode_value = fr_pair_encode_value;
 
        /*
         *      Loop over all children.
         */
        for (child_num = 1;
             (child = fr_dict_attr_child_by_num(parent, child_num)) != NULL;
             child_num++) {
                /*
                 *      The child attributes should be in order.  If
                 *      they're not, we fill the struct with zeroes.
                 *
                 *      The caller will encode TLVs.
                 */
                FR_PROTO_TRACE("fr_struct_to_network child %s", child->name);
 
                /*
                 *      The MEMBER may be raw, in which case it is encoded as octets.
                 *
                 *      This can happen for the last MEMBER of a struct, such as when the last member is a TLV
                 *      or GROUP, and the contents are malformed.
                 *
                 *      It can also happen if a middle MEMBER has the right length, but the wrong contents.
                 *      e.g. when the contents have to be a well-formed IP prefix, but the prefix values are
                 *      out of the permitted range.
                 */
                if (vp && (vp->da != child) && (vp->da->parent == parent) && (vp->da->attr == child_num)) {
                        fr_assert(vp->vp_raw);
                        fr_assert(vp->vp_type == FR_TYPE_OCTETS);
                        fr_assert(!da_is_bit_field(child));
 
                        goto encode_data; /* we may have a raw entry in an array :( */
                }
 
                /*
                 *      Remember the key field.  Note that we ignore raw key fields.
                 */
                if (fr_dict_attr_is_key_field(child)) {
                        fr_assert(!key_da);
 
                        key_da = child;
                        key_vp = vp;
                        fr_dbuff_marker(&key_m, &work_dbuff);
                }
 
                /*
                 *      Skipped a VP, or left one off at the end, fill the struct with zeros.
                 */
                if (!vp || (vp->da != child)) {
                        FR_PROTO_HEX_DUMP(fr_dbuff_start(&work_dbuff), fr_dbuff_used(&work_dbuff), "    no child %s", child->name);
 
                        /*
                         *      Zero out the bit field.
                         */
                        if (da_is_bit_field(child)) {
                                offset = put_bits_dbuff(&work_dbuff, &bit_buffer, offset, child->flags.length, 0);
                                if (offset < 0) {
                                        fr_strerror_printf("Failed encoding bit field %s", child->name);
                                        return offset;
                                }
                                continue;
                        }
 
                        /*
                         *      A child TLV is missing, we're done, and we don't encode any data.
                         *
                         *      @todo - mark up the TLVs as required?
                         */
                        if (child->type == FR_TYPE_TLV) goto encode_length;
 
                        /*
                         *      Zero out the unused field.
                         */
                        FR_DBUFF_MEMSET_RETURN(&work_dbuff, 0, child->flags.length);
                        continue;
                }
 
                /*
                 *      The 'struct' encoder handles bit fields.
                 *      They're just integers, so there's no need to
                 *      call the protocol encoder.
                 *
                 *      This limitation means that we can't have
                 *      encrypted bit fields, but that's fine.
                 */
                if (da_is_bit_field(child)) {
                        uint64_t value;
 
                        FR_PROTO_TRACE("child %s is a bit field", child->name);
 
                        switch (child->type) {
                                case FR_TYPE_BOOL:
                                        value = vp->vp_bool;
                                        break;
 
                                case FR_TYPE_UINT8:
                                        value = vp->vp_uint8;
                                        break;
 
                                case FR_TYPE_UINT16:
                                        value = vp->vp_uint16;
                                        break;
 
                                case FR_TYPE_UINT32:
                                        value = vp->vp_uint32;
                                        break;
 
                                case FR_TYPE_UINT64:
                                        value = vp->vp_uint64;
                                        break;
 
                                default:
                                        fr_strerror_const("Invalid bit field");
                                        return PAIR_ENCODE_FATAL_ERROR;
                        }
 
                        offset = put_bits_dbuff(&work_dbuff, &bit_buffer, offset, child->flags.length, value);
                        if (offset < 0) {
                                fr_strerror_printf("Failed encoding bit field %s", child->name);
                                return offset;
                        }
 
                        vp = fr_dcursor_next(cursor);
                        /* We need to continue, there may be more fields to encode */
 
                        goto next;
                }
 
                /* Not a bit field; insist that no buffered bits remain. */
                if (offset != 0) {
                leftover_bits:
                        fr_strerror_const("leftover bits");
                        return PAIR_ENCODE_FATAL_ERROR;
                }
 
                /*
                 *      Encode child TLVs at the end of a struct.
                 *
                 *      In order to encode the child TLVs, we need to
                 *      know the length of "T" and "L", and we don't.
                 *      So just let the caller do the work.
                 */
                if (child->type == FR_TYPE_TLV) {
                        fr_assert(!key_da);
 
                        FR_PROTO_TRACE("child %s is a TLV field", child->name);
                        slen = encode_tlv(&work_dbuff, child, da_stack, depth, cursor,
                                          encode_ctx, encode_value, encode_pair);
                        if (slen < 0) return slen;
                        goto encode_length;
                }
 
                if (child->type == FR_TYPE_UNION) {
                        FR_PROTO_TRACE("child %s is a UNION field", child->name);
 
                        if (!key_da) {
                                FR_PROTO_TRACE("child %s is missing key_da", child->name);
                                goto encode_length;
                        }
 
                        slen = encode_union(&work_dbuff, child, key_da, key_vp, &key_m, da_stack, depth, cursor,
                                            encode_ctx, encode_value, encode_pair);
                        if (slen < 0) return slen;
                        goto encode_length;
                }
 
                FR_PROTO_TRACE("child %s encode_value", child->name);
 
                /*
                 *      Call the protocol encoder for non-bit fields.
                 */
        encode_data:
                fr_proto_da_stack_build(da_stack, child);
 
                if (child->flags.array) {
                        slen = fr_pair_array_to_network(&work_dbuff, da_stack, depth + 1, cursor, encode_ctx, encode_value);
                } else {
                        slen = encode_value(&work_dbuff, da_stack, depth + 1, cursor, encode_ctx);
                }
                if (slen < 0) return slen;
                vp = fr_dcursor_current(cursor);
 
        next:
                FR_PROTO_HEX_DUMP(fr_dbuff_start(&work_dbuff), fr_dbuff_used(&work_dbuff), "fr_struct_to_network after child %s", child->name);
        }
 
        /* Check for leftover bits */
        if (offset != 0) goto leftover_bits;
 
        /*
         *      Check for keyed data to encode.
         */
        if (vp && key_da) {
                /*
                 *      We have no more "flat" VPs.
                 */
                fr_assert(vp->da->parent == key_da);
 
                slen = encode_keyed_struct(&work_dbuff, vp, da_stack, depth,
                                           cursor, encode_ctx, encode_value, encode_pair);
                if (slen < 0) return slen;
        }
 
encode_length:
        if (do_length) {
                size_t length = fr_dbuff_used(&work_dbuff);
 
#ifdef __COVERITY__
                /*
                 *      Coverity somehow can't infer that length
                 *      is at least as long as the prefix, instead
                 *      thinkings it's zero so that it underflows.
                 *      We therefore add a Coverity-only check to
                 *      reassure it.
                 */
                if (length < prefix_length) return PAIR_ENCODE_FATAL_ERROR;
#endif
                if (da_is_length_field8(parent)) {
                        length -= prefix_length;
 
                        length += da_length_offset(parent);
 
                        if (length > UINT8_MAX) return PAIR_ENCODE_FATAL_ERROR;
 
                        (void) fr_dbuff_in(&hdr, (uint8_t) length);
                } else {
                        length -= prefix_length;
 
                        length += da_length_offset(parent);
 
                        if (length > UINT16_MAX) return PAIR_ENCODE_FATAL_ERROR;
 
                        (void) fr_dbuff_in(&hdr, (uint16_t) length);
                }
        }
 
        /*
         *      We've encoded the children, so tell the parent cursor
         *      that we've encoded the parent.
         */
        if (cursor != parent_cursor) (void) fr_dcursor_next(parent_cursor);
 
        FR_PROTO_HEX_DUMP(fr_dbuff_start(&work_dbuff), fr_dbuff_used(&work_dbuff), "Done fr_struct_to_network");
 
        return fr_dbuff_set(dbuff, &work_dbuff);
}