base.c

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/*
 *   This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 *   modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 *   License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 *   version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *   This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
 *   Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 *   You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 *   License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 *   Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
 */
 
/**
 * $Id: ce7c2d49009a03f36cd1df322b8522a13eb4e5ff $
 *
 * @file protocols/radius/base.c
 * @brief Functions to send/receive radius packets.
 *
 * @copyright 2000-2003,2006 The FreeRADIUS server project
 */
 
RCSID("$Id: ce7c2d49009a03f36cd1df322b8522a13eb4e5ff $")
 
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <ctype.h>
 
#include "attrs.h"
 
#include <freeradius-devel/io/pair.h>
#include <freeradius-devel/util/md5.h>
#include <freeradius-devel/util/net.h>
#include <freeradius-devel/util/proto.h>
#include <freeradius-devel/util/udp.h>
#include <freeradius-devel/protocol/radius/freeradius.internal.h>
 
static uint32_t instance_count = 0;
 
fr_dict_t const *dict_freeradius;
fr_dict_t const *dict_radius;
 
extern fr_dict_autoload_t libfreeradius_radius_dict[];
fr_dict_autoload_t libfreeradius_radius_dict[] = {
        { .out = &dict_freeradius, .proto = "freeradius" },
        { .out = &dict_radius, .proto = "radius" },
        { NULL }
};
 
fr_dict_attr_t const *attr_packet_type;
fr_dict_attr_t const *attr_packet_authentication_vector;
fr_dict_attr_t const *attr_raw_attribute;
fr_dict_attr_t const *attr_chap_challenge;
fr_dict_attr_t const *attr_chargeable_user_identity;
fr_dict_attr_t const *attr_eap_message;
fr_dict_attr_t const *attr_message_authenticator;
fr_dict_attr_t const *attr_state;
fr_dict_attr_t const *attr_vendor_specific;
fr_dict_attr_t const *attr_nas_filter_rule;
 
extern fr_dict_attr_autoload_t libfreeradius_radius_dict_attr[];
fr_dict_attr_autoload_t libfreeradius_radius_dict_attr[] = {
        { .out = &attr_packet_type, .name = "Packet-Type", .type = FR_TYPE_UINT32, .dict = &dict_radius },
        { .out = &attr_packet_authentication_vector, .name = "Packet-Authentication-Vector", .type = FR_TYPE_OCTETS, .dict = &dict_radius },
        { .out = &attr_chap_challenge, .name = "CHAP-Challenge", .type = FR_TYPE_OCTETS, .dict = &dict_radius },
        { .out = &attr_chargeable_user_identity, .name = "Chargeable-User-Identity", .type = FR_TYPE_OCTETS, .dict = &dict_radius },
 
        { .out = &attr_eap_message, .name = "EAP-Message", .type = FR_TYPE_OCTETS, .dict = &dict_radius },
        { .out = &attr_message_authenticator, .name = "Message-Authenticator", .type = FR_TYPE_OCTETS, .dict = &dict_radius },
        { .out = &attr_state, .name = "State", .type = FR_TYPE_OCTETS, .dict = &dict_radius },
        { .out = &attr_vendor_specific, .name = "Vendor-Specific", .type = FR_TYPE_VSA, .dict = &dict_radius },
        { .out = &attr_nas_filter_rule, .name = "NAS-Filter-Rule", .type = FR_TYPE_STRING, .dict = &dict_radius },
        { NULL }
};
 
/*
 *      Some messages get printed out only in debugging mode.
 */
#define FR_DEBUG_STRERROR_PRINTF if (fr_debug_lvl) fr_strerror_printf_push
 
fr_table_num_sorted_t const fr_radius_request_name_table[] = {
        { L("acct"),    FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCOUNTING_REQUEST       },
        { L("auth"),    FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REQUEST           },
        { L("auto"),    FR_RADIUS_CODE_UNDEFINED                },
        { L("challenge"),       FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_CHALLENGE },
        { L("coa"),     FR_RADIUS_CODE_COA_REQUEST              },
        { L("disconnect"),      FR_RADIUS_CODE_DISCONNECT_REQUEST       },
        { L("status"),  FR_RADIUS_CODE_STATUS_SERVER            }
};
size_t fr_radius_request_name_table_len = NUM_ELEMENTS(fr_radius_request_name_table);
 
char const *fr_radius_packet_name[FR_RADIUS_CODE_MAX] = {
        "",                                     //!< 0
        "Access-Request",
        "Access-Accept",
        "Access-Reject",
        "Accounting-Request",
        "Accounting-Response",
        "Accounting-Status",
        "Password-Request",
        "Password-Accept",
        "Password-Reject",
        "Accounting-Message",                   //!< 10
        "Access-Challenge",
        "Status-Server",
        "Status-Client",
        "14",
        "15",
        "16",
        "17",
        "18",
        "19",
        "20",                                   //!< 20
        "Resource-Free-Request",
        "Resource-Free-Response",
        "Resource-Query-Request",
        "Resource-Query-Response",
        "Alternate-Resource-Reclaim-Request",
        "NAS-Reboot-Request",
        "NAS-Reboot-Response",
        "28",
        "Next-Passcode",
        "New-Pin",                              //!< 30
        "Terminate-Session",
        "Password-Expired",
        "Event-Request",
        "Event-Response",
        "35",
        "36",
        "37",
        "38",
        "39",
        "Disconnect-Request",                   //!< 40
        "Disconnect-ACK",
        "Disconnect-NAK",
        "CoA-Request",
        "CoA-ACK",
        "CoA-NAK",
        "46",
        "47",
        "48",
        "49",
        "IP-Address-Allocate",                  //!< 50
        "IP-Address-Release",
        "Protocol-Error",
};
 
 
/** If we get a reply, the request must come from one of a small
 * number of packet types.
 */
static const fr_radius_packet_code_t allowed_replies[FR_RADIUS_CODE_MAX] = {
        [FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_ACCEPT]          = FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REQUEST,
        [FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_CHALLENGE]       = FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REQUEST,
        [FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REJECT]          = FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REQUEST,
 
        [FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCOUNTING_RESPONSE]    = FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCOUNTING_REQUEST,
 
        [FR_RADIUS_CODE_COA_ACK]                = FR_RADIUS_CODE_COA_REQUEST,
        [FR_RADIUS_CODE_COA_NAK]                = FR_RADIUS_CODE_COA_REQUEST,
 
        [FR_RADIUS_CODE_DISCONNECT_ACK]         = FR_RADIUS_CODE_DISCONNECT_REQUEST,
        [FR_RADIUS_CODE_DISCONNECT_NAK]         = FR_RADIUS_CODE_DISCONNECT_REQUEST,
 
        [FR_RADIUS_CODE_PROTOCOL_ERROR]         = FR_RADIUS_CODE_PROTOCOL_ERROR,        /* Any */
};
 
int fr_radius_allow_reply(int code, bool allowed[static FR_RADIUS_CODE_MAX])
{
        int i;
 
        if ((code <= 0) || (code >= FR_RADIUS_CODE_MAX)) return -1;
 
        for (i = 1; i < FR_RADIUS_CODE_MAX; i++) {
                allowed[i] |= (allowed_replies[i] == (fr_radius_packet_code_t) code);
        }
 
        return 0;
}
 
/**  Do Ascend-Send / Recv-Secret calculation.
 *
 * The secret is hidden by xoring with a MD5 digest created from
 * the RADIUS shared secret and the authentication vector.
 * We put them into MD5 in the reverse order from that used when
 * encrypting passwords to RADIUS.
 */
ssize_t fr_radius_ascend_secret(fr_dbuff_t *dbuff, uint8_t const *in, size_t inlen,
                                char const *secret, uint8_t const *vector)
{
        fr_md5_ctx_t            *md5_ctx;
        size_t                  i;
        uint8_t                 digest[MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH];
        fr_dbuff_t              work_dbuff = FR_DBUFF(dbuff);
 
        FR_DBUFF_EXTEND_LOWAT_OR_RETURN(&work_dbuff, sizeof(digest));
 
        md5_ctx = fr_md5_ctx_alloc_from_list();
        fr_md5_update(md5_ctx, vector, RADIUS_AUTH_VECTOR_LENGTH);
        fr_md5_update(md5_ctx, (uint8_t const *) secret, talloc_array_length(secret) - 1);
        fr_md5_final(digest, md5_ctx);
        fr_md5_ctx_free_from_list(&md5_ctx);
 
        if (inlen > sizeof(digest)) inlen = sizeof(digest);
        for (i = 0; i < inlen; i++) digest[i] ^= in[i];
 
        fr_dbuff_in_memcpy(&work_dbuff, digest, sizeof(digest));
 
        return fr_dbuff_set(dbuff, &work_dbuff);
}
 
/** Basic validation of RADIUS packet header
 *
 * @note fr_strerror errors are only available if fr_debug_lvl > 0. This is to reduce CPU time
 *      consumed when discarding malformed packet.
 *
 * @param[in] sockfd we're reading from.
 * @param[out] src_ipaddr of the packet.
 * @param[out] src_port of the packet.
 * @param[out] code Pointer to where to write the packet code.
 * @return
 *      - -1 on failure.
 *      - 1 on decode error.
 *      - >= RADIUS_HEADER_LENGTH on success. This is the packet length as specified in the header.
 */
ssize_t fr_radius_recv_header(int sockfd, fr_ipaddr_t *src_ipaddr, uint16_t *src_port, unsigned int *code)
{
        ssize_t                 data_len, packet_len;
        uint8_t                 header[4];
 
        data_len = udp_recv_peek(sockfd, header, sizeof(header), UDP_FLAGS_PEEK, src_ipaddr, src_port);
        if (data_len < 0) {
                if ((errno == EAGAIN) || (errno == EINTR)) return 0;
                return -1;
        }
 
        /*
         *      Too little data is available, discard the packet.
         */
        if (data_len < 4) {
                char buffer[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
 
                FR_DEBUG_STRERROR_PRINTF("Expected at least 4 bytes of header data, got %zu bytes", data_len);
invalid:
                FR_DEBUG_STRERROR_PRINTF("Invalid data from %s",
                                         inet_ntop(src_ipaddr->af, &src_ipaddr->addr, buffer, sizeof(buffer)));
                (void) udp_recv_discard(sockfd);
 
                return 0;
        }
 
        /*
         *      See how long the packet says it is.
         */
        packet_len = (header[2] * 256) + header[3];
 
        /*
         *      The length in the packet says it's less than
         *      a RADIUS header length: discard it.
         */
        if (packet_len < RADIUS_HEADER_LENGTH) {
                FR_DEBUG_STRERROR_PRINTF("Expected at least " STRINGIFY(RADIUS_HEADER_LENGTH)  " bytes of packet "
                                         "data, got %zu bytes", packet_len);
                goto invalid;
        }
 
        /*
         *      Enforce RFC requirements, for sanity.
         *      Anything after 4k will be discarded.
         */
        if (packet_len > MAX_PACKET_LEN) {
                FR_DEBUG_STRERROR_PRINTF("Length field value too large, expected maximum of "
                                         STRINGIFY(MAX_PACKET_LEN) " bytes, got %zu bytes", packet_len);
                goto invalid;
        }
 
        *code = header[0];
 
        /*
         *      The packet says it's this long, but the actual UDP
         *      size could still be smaller.
         */
        return packet_len;
}
 
/** Sign a previously encoded packet
 *
 * Calculates the request/response authenticator for packets which need it, and fills
 * in the message-authenticator value if the attribute is present in the encoded packet.
 *
 * @param[in,out] packet        (request or response).
 * @param[in] vector            original packet vector to use
 * @param[in] secret            to sign the packet with.
 * @param[in] secret_len        The length of the secret.
 * @return
 *      - <0 on error
 *      - 0 on success
 */
int fr_radius_sign(uint8_t *packet, uint8_t const *vector,
                   uint8_t const *secret, size_t secret_len)
{
        uint8_t         *msg, *end;
        size_t          packet_len = fr_nbo_to_uint16(packet + 2);
 
        /*
         *      No real limit on secret length, this is just
         *      to catch uninitialised fields.
         */
        if (!fr_cond_assert(secret_len <= UINT16_MAX)) {
                fr_strerror_printf("Secret is too long.  Expected <= %u, got %zu", UINT16_MAX, secret_len);
                return -1;
        }
 
        if (packet_len < RADIUS_HEADER_LENGTH) {
                fr_strerror_const("Packet must be encoded before calling fr_radius_sign()");
                return -1;
        }
 
        /*
         *      Find Message-Authenticator.  Its value has to be
         *      calculated before we calculate the Request
         *      Authenticator or the Response Authenticator.
         */
        msg = packet + RADIUS_HEADER_LENGTH;
        end = packet + packet_len;
 
        while (msg < end) {
                if ((end - msg) < 2) goto invalid_attribute;
 
                if (msg[0] != FR_MESSAGE_AUTHENTICATOR) {
                        if (msg[1] < 2) goto invalid_attribute;
 
                        if ((msg + msg[1]) > end) {
                        invalid_attribute:
                                fr_strerror_printf("Invalid attribute at offset %zd", msg - packet);
                                return -1;
                        }
                        msg += msg[1];
                        continue;
                }
 
                if (msg[1] < 18) {
                        fr_strerror_const("Message-Authenticator is too small");
                        return -1;
                }
 
                switch (packet[0]) {
                case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCOUNTING_REQUEST:
                case FR_RADIUS_CODE_DISCONNECT_REQUEST:
                case FR_RADIUS_CODE_COA_REQUEST:
                        memset(packet + 4, 0, RADIUS_AUTH_VECTOR_LENGTH);
                        break;
 
                case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_ACCEPT:
                case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REJECT:
                case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_CHALLENGE:
                case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCOUNTING_RESPONSE:
                case FR_RADIUS_CODE_DISCONNECT_ACK:
                case FR_RADIUS_CODE_DISCONNECT_NAK:
                case FR_RADIUS_CODE_COA_ACK:
                case FR_RADIUS_CODE_COA_NAK:
                        if (!vector) goto need_original;
                        memcpy(packet + 4, vector, RADIUS_AUTH_VECTOR_LENGTH);
                        break;
 
                case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REQUEST:
                case FR_RADIUS_CODE_STATUS_SERVER:
                        /* packet + 4 MUST be the Request Authenticator filled with random data */
                        break;
 
                default:
                        goto bad_packet;
                }
 
                /*
                 *      Force Message-Authenticator to be zero,
                 *      calculate the HMAC, and put it into the
                 *      Message-Authenticator attribute.
                 */
                memset(msg + 2, 0, RADIUS_AUTH_VECTOR_LENGTH);
                fr_hmac_md5(msg + 2, packet, packet_len, secret, secret_len);
                break;
        }
 
        /*
         *      Initialize the request authenticator.
         */
        switch (packet[0]) {
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCOUNTING_REQUEST:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_DISCONNECT_REQUEST:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_COA_REQUEST:
                memset(packet + 4, 0, RADIUS_AUTH_VECTOR_LENGTH);
                break;
 
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_ACCEPT:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REJECT:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_CHALLENGE:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCOUNTING_RESPONSE:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_DISCONNECT_ACK:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_DISCONNECT_NAK:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_COA_ACK:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_COA_NAK:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_PROTOCOL_ERROR:
                if (!vector) {
                need_original:
                        fr_strerror_const("Cannot sign response packet without a request packet");
                        return -1;
                }
                memcpy(packet + 4, vector, RADIUS_AUTH_VECTOR_LENGTH);
                break;
 
                /*
                 *      The Request Authenticator is random numbers.
                 *      We don't need to sign anything else, so
                 *      return.
                 */
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REQUEST:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_STATUS_SERVER:
                return 0;
 
        default:
        bad_packet:
                fr_strerror_printf("Cannot sign unknown packet code %u", packet[0]);
                return -1;
        }
 
        /*
         *      Request / Response Authenticator = MD5(packet + secret)
         */
        {
                fr_md5_ctx_t    *md5_ctx;
 
                md5_ctx = fr_md5_ctx_alloc_from_list();
                fr_md5_update(md5_ctx, packet, packet_len);
                fr_md5_update(md5_ctx, secret, secret_len);
                fr_md5_final(packet + 4, md5_ctx);
                fr_md5_ctx_free_from_list(&md5_ctx);
        }
 
        return 0;
}
 
 
/** See if the data pointed to by PTR is a valid RADIUS packet.
 *
 * @param[in] packet            to check.
 * @param[in,out] packet_len_p  The size of the packet data.
 * @param[in] max_attributes    to allow in the packet.
 * @param[in] require_ma        whether we require Message-Authenticator.
 * @param[in] reason            if not NULL, will have the failure reason written to where it points.
 * @return
 *      - True on success.
 *      - False on failure.
 */
bool fr_radius_ok(uint8_t const *packet, size_t *packet_len_p,
                  uint32_t max_attributes, bool require_ma, decode_fail_t *reason)
{
        uint8_t const           *attr, *end;
        size_t                  totallen;
        bool                    seen_ma = false;
        uint32_t                num_attributes;
        decode_fail_t           failure = DECODE_FAIL_NONE;
        size_t                  packet_len = *packet_len_p;
 
        /*
         *      Check for packets smaller than the packet header.
         *
         *      RFC 2865, Section 3., subsection 'length' says:
         *
         *      "The minimum length is 20 ..."
         */
        if (packet_len < RADIUS_HEADER_LENGTH) {
                FR_DEBUG_STRERROR_PRINTF("packet is too short (received %zu < minimum 20)",
                                         packet_len);
                failure = DECODE_FAIL_MIN_LENGTH_PACKET;
                goto finish;
        }
 
 
        /*
         *      Check for packets with mismatched size.
         *      i.e. We've received 128 bytes, and the packet header
         *      says it's 256 bytes long.
         */
        totallen = fr_nbo_to_uint16(packet + 2);
 
        /*
         *      Code of 0 is not understood.
         *      Code of 16 or greater is not understood.
         */
        if ((packet[0] == 0) ||
            (packet[0] >= FR_RADIUS_CODE_MAX)) {
                FR_DEBUG_STRERROR_PRINTF("unknown packet code %d", packet[0]);
                failure = DECODE_FAIL_UNKNOWN_PACKET_CODE;
                goto finish;
        }
 
        /*
         *      Message-Authenticator is required in Status-Server
         *      packets, otherwise they can be trivially forged.
         */
        if (packet[0] == FR_RADIUS_CODE_STATUS_SERVER) require_ma = true;
 
        /*
         *      Repeat the length checks.  This time, instead of
         *      looking at the data we received, look at the value
         *      of the 'length' field inside of the packet.
         *
         *      Check for packets smaller than the packet header.
         *
         *      RFC 2865, Section 3., subsection 'length' says:
         *
         *      "The minimum length is 20 ..."
         */
        if (totallen < RADIUS_HEADER_LENGTH) {
                FR_DEBUG_STRERROR_PRINTF("length in header is too small (length %zu < minimum 20)",
                                         totallen);
                failure = DECODE_FAIL_MIN_LENGTH_FIELD;
                goto finish;
        }
 
        /*
         *      And again, for the value of the 'length' field.
         *
         *      RFC 2865, Section 3., subsection 'length' says:
         *
         *      " ... and maximum length is 4096."
         *
         *      HOWEVER.  This requirement is for the network layer.
         *      If the code gets here, we assume that a well-formed
         *      packet is an OK packet.
         *
         *      We allow both the UDP data length, and the RADIUS
         *      "length" field to contain up to 64K of data.
         */
 
        /*
         *      RFC 2865, Section 3., subsection 'length' says:
         *
         *      "If the packet is shorter than the Length field
         *      indicates, it MUST be silently discarded."
         *
         *      i.e. No response to the NAS.
         */
        if (totallen > packet_len) {
                FR_DEBUG_STRERROR_PRINTF("packet is truncated (received %zu <  packet header length of %zu)",
                                         packet_len, totallen);
                failure = DECODE_FAIL_MIN_LENGTH_MISMATCH;
                goto finish;
        }
 
        /*
         *      RFC 2865, Section 3., subsection 'length' says:
         *
         *      "Octets outside the range of the Length field MUST be
         *      treated as padding and ignored on reception."
         */
        if (totallen < packet_len) {
                *packet_len_p = packet_len = totallen;
        }
 
        /*
         *      Walk through the packet's attributes, ensuring that
         *      they add up EXACTLY to the size of the packet.
         *
         *      If they don't, then the attributes either under-fill
         *      or over-fill the packet.  Any parsing of the packet
         *      is impossible, and will result in unknown side effects.
         *
         *      This would ONLY happen with buggy RADIUS implementations,
         *      or with an intentional attack.  Either way, we do NOT want
         *      to be vulnerable to this problem.
         */
        attr = packet + RADIUS_HEADER_LENGTH;
        end = packet + packet_len;
        num_attributes = 0;
 
        while (attr < end) {
                /*
                 *      We need at least 2 bytes to check the
                 *      attribute header.
                 */
                if ((end - attr) < 2) {
                        FR_DEBUG_STRERROR_PRINTF("attribute header overflows the packet");
                        failure = DECODE_FAIL_HEADER_OVERFLOW;
                        goto finish;
                }
 
                /*
                 *      Attribute number zero is NOT defined.
                 */
                if (attr[0] == 0) {
                        FR_DEBUG_STRERROR_PRINTF("invalid attribute 0 at offset %zd", attr - packet);
                        failure = DECODE_FAIL_INVALID_ATTRIBUTE;
                        goto finish;
                }
 
                /*
                 *      Attributes are at LEAST as long as the ID & length
                 *      fields.  Anything shorter is an invalid attribute.
                 */
                if (attr[1] < 2) {
                        FR_DEBUG_STRERROR_PRINTF("attribute %u is too short at offset %zd",
                                                 attr[0], attr - packet);
                        failure = DECODE_FAIL_ATTRIBUTE_TOO_SHORT;
                        goto finish;
                }
 
                /*
                 *      If there are fewer bytes in the packet than in the
                 *      attribute, it's a bad packet.
                 */
                if ((attr + attr[1]) > end) {
                        FR_DEBUG_STRERROR_PRINTF("attribute %u data overflows the packet starting at offset %zd",
                                           attr[0], attr - packet);
                        failure = DECODE_FAIL_ATTRIBUTE_OVERFLOW;
                        goto finish;
                }
 
                /*
                 *      Sanity check the attributes for length.
                 */
                switch (attr[0]) {
                default:        /* don't do anything by default */
                        break;
 
                        /*
                         *      If there's an EAP-Message, we require
                         *      a Message-Authenticator.
                         */
                case FR_EAP_MESSAGE:
                        require_ma = true;
                        break;
 
                case FR_MESSAGE_AUTHENTICATOR:
                        if (attr[1] != 2 + RADIUS_AUTH_VECTOR_LENGTH) {
                                FR_DEBUG_STRERROR_PRINTF("Message-Authenticator has invalid length (%d != 18) at offset %zd",
                                           attr[1] - 2, attr - packet);
                                failure = DECODE_FAIL_MA_INVALID_LENGTH;
                                goto finish;
                        }
                        seen_ma = true;
                        break;
                }
 
                attr += attr[1];
                num_attributes++;       /* seen one more attribute */
        }
 
        /*
         *      If the attributes add up to a packet, it's allowed.
         *
         *      If not, we complain, and throw the packet away.
         */
        if (attr != end) {
                FR_DEBUG_STRERROR_PRINTF("attributes do NOT exactly fill the packet");
                failure = DECODE_FAIL_ATTRIBUTE_UNDERFLOW;
                goto finish;
        }
 
        /*
         *      If we're configured to look for a maximum number of
         *      attributes, and we've seen more than that maximum,
         *      then throw the packet away, as a possible DoS.
         */
        if ((max_attributes > 0) &&
            (num_attributes > max_attributes)) {
                FR_DEBUG_STRERROR_PRINTF("Possible DoS attack - too many attributes in request (received %d, max %d are allowed).",
                                         num_attributes, max_attributes);
                failure = DECODE_FAIL_TOO_MANY_ATTRIBUTES;
                goto finish;
        }
 
        /*
         *      http://www.freeradius.org/rfc/rfc2869.html#EAP-Message
         *
         *      A packet with an EAP-Message attribute MUST also have
         *      a Message-Authenticator attribute.
         *
         *      A Message-Authenticator all by itself is OK, though.
         *
         *      Similarly, Status-Server packets MUST contain
         *      Message-Authenticator attributes.
         */
        if (require_ma && !seen_ma) {
                FR_DEBUG_STRERROR_PRINTF("we require Message-Authenticator attribute, but it is not in the packet");
                failure = DECODE_FAIL_MA_MISSING;
                goto finish;
        }
 
finish:
 
        if (reason) {
                *reason = failure;
        }
        return (failure == DECODE_FAIL_NONE);
}
 
 
/** Verify a request / response packet
 *
 *  This function does its work by calling fr_radius_sign(), and then
 *  comparing the signature in the packet with the one we calculated.
 *  If they differ, there's a problem.
 *
 * @param[in] packet            the raw RADIUS packet (request or response)
 * @param[in] vector            the original packet vector
 * @param[in] secret            the shared secret
 * @param[in] secret_len        the length of the secret
 * @param[in] require_ma        whether we require Message-Authenticator.
 * @return
 *      - -2 if the message authenticator or request authenticator was invalid.
 *      - -1 if we were unable to verify the shared secret, or the packet
 *           was in some other way malformed.
 *      - 0 on success.
 */
int fr_radius_verify(uint8_t *packet, uint8_t const *vector,
                     uint8_t const *secret, size_t secret_len, bool require_ma)
{
        bool found_ma;
        int rcode;
        int code;
        uint8_t *msg, *end;
        size_t packet_len = fr_nbo_to_uint16(packet + 2);
        uint8_t request_authenticator[RADIUS_AUTH_VECTOR_LENGTH];
        uint8_t message_authenticator[RADIUS_AUTH_VECTOR_LENGTH];
 
        if (packet_len < RADIUS_HEADER_LENGTH) {
                fr_strerror_printf("invalid packet length %zd", packet_len);
                return -1;
        }
 
        code = packet[0];
        if (!code || (code >= FR_RADIUS_CODE_MAX)) {
                fr_strerror_printf("Unknown reply code %d", code);
                return -1;
        }
 
        memcpy(request_authenticator, packet + 4, sizeof(request_authenticator));
 
        /*
         *      Find Message-Authenticator.  Its value has to be
         *      calculated before we calculate the Request
         *      Authenticator or the Response Authenticator.
         */
        msg = packet + RADIUS_HEADER_LENGTH;
        end = packet + packet_len;
        found_ma = false;
 
        while (msg < end) {
                if ((end - msg) < 2) goto invalid_attribute;
 
                if (msg[0] != FR_MESSAGE_AUTHENTICATOR) {
                        if (msg[1] < 2) goto invalid_attribute;
 
                        if ((msg + msg[1]) > end) {
                        invalid_attribute:
                                fr_strerror_printf("invalid attribute at offset %zd", msg - packet);
                                return -1;
                        }
                        msg += msg[1];
                        continue;
                }
 
                if (msg[1] < 18) {
                        fr_strerror_const("too small Message-Authenticator");
                        return -1;
                }
 
                /*
                 *      Found it, save a copy.
                 */
                memcpy(message_authenticator, msg + 2, sizeof(message_authenticator));
                found_ma = true;
                break;
        }
 
        if ((packet[0] == FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REQUEST) &&
            require_ma && !found_ma) {
                fr_strerror_const("Access-Request is missing the required Message-Authenticator attribute");
                return -1;
        }
 
        /*
         *      Implement verification as a signature, followed by
         *      checking our signature against the sent one.  This is
         *      slightly more CPU work than having verify-specific
         *      functions, but it ends up being cleaner in the code.
         */
        rcode = fr_radius_sign(packet, vector, secret, secret_len);
        if (rcode < 0) {
                fr_strerror_const_push("Failed calculating correct authenticator");
                return -1;
        }
 
        /*
         *      Check the Message-Authenticator first.
         *
         *      If it's invalid, restore the original
         *      Message-Authenticator and Request Authenticator
         *      fields.
         */
        if ((msg < end) &&
            (fr_digest_cmp(message_authenticator, msg + 2, sizeof(message_authenticator)) != 0)) {
                memcpy(msg + 2, message_authenticator, sizeof(message_authenticator));
                memcpy(packet + 4, request_authenticator, sizeof(request_authenticator));
 
                fr_strerror_const("invalid Message-Authenticator (shared secret is incorrect)");
                return -2;
        }
 
        /*
         *      These are random numbers, so there's no point in
         *      comparing them.
         */
        if ((packet[0] == FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REQUEST) || (packet[0] == FR_RADIUS_CODE_STATUS_SERVER)) {
                return 0;
        }
 
        /*
         *      Check the Request Authenticator.
         */
        if (fr_digest_cmp(request_authenticator, packet + 4, sizeof(request_authenticator)) != 0) {
                memcpy(packet + 4, request_authenticator, sizeof(request_authenticator));
                if (vector) {
                        fr_strerror_const("invalid Response Authenticator (shared secret is incorrect)");
                } else {
                        fr_strerror_const("invalid Request Authenticator (shared secret is incorrect)");
                }
                return -2;
        }
 
        return 0;
}
 
void *fr_radius_next_encodable(fr_dlist_head_t *list, void *current, void *uctx);
 
void *fr_radius_next_encodable(fr_dlist_head_t *list, void *current, void *uctx)
{
        fr_pair_t       *c = current;
        fr_dict_t       *dict = talloc_get_type_abort(uctx, fr_dict_t);
 
        while ((c = fr_dlist_next(list, c))) {
                PAIR_VERIFY(c);
                if ((c->da->dict == dict) &&
                    (!c->da->flags.internal || ((c->da->attr > FR_TAG_BASE) && (c->da->attr < (FR_TAG_BASE + 0x20))))) {
                        break;
                }
        }
 
        return c;
}
 
 
/** Encode VPS into a raw RADIUS packet.
 *
 */
ssize_t fr_radius_encode(uint8_t *packet, size_t packet_len, uint8_t const *original,
                         char const *secret, size_t secret_len, int code, int id, fr_pair_list_t *vps)
{
        return fr_radius_encode_dbuff(&FR_DBUFF_TMP(packet, packet_len), original, secret, secret_len, code, id, vps);
}
 
static const bool disallow_tunnel_passwords[FR_RADIUS_CODE_MAX] = {
        [ FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REQUEST ] = true,
        // can be in Access-Accept
        [ FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REJECT ] = true,
        [ FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_CHALLENGE ] = true,
 
        [ FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCOUNTING_REQUEST ] = true,
        [ FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCOUNTING_RESPONSE ] = true,
 
        [ FR_RADIUS_CODE_STATUS_SERVER ] = true,
 
        [ FR_RADIUS_CODE_COA_ACK ] = true,
        [ FR_RADIUS_CODE_COA_NAK ] = true,
 
        [ FR_RADIUS_CODE_DISCONNECT_REQUEST ] = true,
        [ FR_RADIUS_CODE_DISCONNECT_ACK ] = true,
        [ FR_RADIUS_CODE_DISCONNECT_NAK ] = true,
 
        [ FR_RADIUS_CODE_PROTOCOL_ERROR ] = true,
};
 
ssize_t fr_radius_encode_dbuff(fr_dbuff_t *dbuff, uint8_t const *original,
                         char const *secret, size_t secret_len, int code, int id, fr_pair_list_t *vps)
{
        ssize_t                 slen;
        fr_pair_t const *vp;
        fr_dcursor_t            cursor;
        fr_radius_ctx_t         common_ctx = {};
        fr_radius_encode_ctx_t  packet_ctx = {};
        fr_dbuff_t              work_dbuff, length_dbuff;
 
        common_ctx.secret = secret;
        common_ctx.secret_length = secret_len;
 
        packet_ctx.common = &common_ctx;
        packet_ctx.request_authenticator = common_ctx.vector;
        packet_ctx.rand_ctx.a = fr_rand();
        packet_ctx.rand_ctx.b = fr_rand();
        packet_ctx.disallow_tunnel_passwords = disallow_tunnel_passwords[code];
 
        /*
         *      The RADIUS header can't do more than 64K of data.
         */
        work_dbuff = FR_DBUFF_MAX(dbuff, 65535);
 
        FR_DBUFF_IN_BYTES_RETURN(&work_dbuff, code, id);
        length_dbuff = FR_DBUFF(&work_dbuff);
        FR_DBUFF_IN_RETURN(&work_dbuff, (uint16_t) RADIUS_HEADER_LENGTH);
 
        switch (code) {
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REQUEST:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_STATUS_SERVER:
                /*
                 *      Callers in these cases have preloaded the buffer with the authentication vector.
                 */
                FR_DBUFF_OUT_MEMCPY_RETURN(common_ctx.vector, &work_dbuff, sizeof(common_ctx.vector));
                break;
 
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REJECT:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_CHALLENGE:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCOUNTING_RESPONSE:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_COA_ACK:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_COA_NAK:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_DISCONNECT_ACK:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_DISCONNECT_NAK:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_PROTOCOL_ERROR:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_ACCEPT:
                if (!original) {
                        fr_strerror_const("Cannot encode response without request");
                        return -1;
                }
                memcpy(common_ctx.vector, original + 4, sizeof(common_ctx.vector));
                FR_DBUFF_IN_MEMCPY_RETURN(&work_dbuff, common_ctx.vector, RADIUS_AUTH_VECTOR_LENGTH);
                break;
 
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCOUNTING_REQUEST:
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_DISCONNECT_REQUEST:
                /*
                 *      Tunnel-Password encoded attributes are allowed
                 *      in CoA-Request packets, by RFC 5176 Section
                 *      3.6.  HOWEVER, the tunnel passwords are
                 *      "encrypted" using the Request Authenticator,
                 *      which is all zeros!  That makes them much
                 *      easier to decrypt.  The only solution here is
                 *      to say "don't do that!"
                 */
        case FR_RADIUS_CODE_COA_REQUEST:
                memset(common_ctx.vector, 0, sizeof(common_ctx.vector));
                FR_DBUFF_MEMSET_RETURN(&work_dbuff, 0, RADIUS_AUTH_VECTOR_LENGTH);
                break;
 
        default:
                fr_strerror_printf("Cannot encode unknown packet code %d", code);
                return -1;
        }
 
        /*
         *      If we're sending Protocol-Error, add in
         *      Original-Packet-Code manually.  If the user adds it
         *      later themselves, well, too bad.
         */
        if (code == FR_RADIUS_CODE_PROTOCOL_ERROR) {
                FR_DBUFF_IN_BYTES_RETURN(&work_dbuff, FR_EXTENDED_ATTRIBUTE_1, 0x07, 0x04 /* Original-Packet-Code */,
                                         0x00, 0x00, 0x00, original[0]);
        }
 
        /*
         *      Loop over the reply attributes for the packet.
         */
        fr_pair_dcursor_iter_init(&cursor, vps, fr_radius_next_encodable, dict_radius);
        while ((vp = fr_dcursor_current(&cursor))) {
                PAIR_VERIFY(vp);
 
                /*
                 *      Encode an individual VP
                 */
                slen = fr_radius_encode_pair(&work_dbuff, &cursor, &packet_ctx);
                if (slen < 0) return slen;
        } /* done looping over all attributes */
 
        /*
         *      Fill in the length field we zeroed out earlier.
         *
         */
        fr_dbuff_in(&length_dbuff, (uint16_t) (fr_dbuff_used(&work_dbuff)));
 
        FR_PROTO_HEX_DUMP(fr_dbuff_start(&work_dbuff), fr_dbuff_used(&work_dbuff), "%s encoded packet", __FUNCTION__);
 
        return fr_dbuff_set(dbuff, &work_dbuff);
}
 
ssize_t fr_radius_decode(TALLOC_CTX *ctx, fr_pair_list_t *out,
                         uint8_t *packet, size_t packet_len,
                         fr_radius_decode_ctx_t *decode_ctx)
{
        ssize_t                 slen;
        uint8_t const           *attr, *end;
        static const uint8_t    zeros[RADIUS_AUTH_VECTOR_LENGTH] = {};
 
        if (!decode_ctx->request_authenticator) {
                switch (packet[0]) {
                case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCESS_REQUEST:
                case FR_RADIUS_CODE_STATUS_SERVER:
                        decode_ctx->request_authenticator = packet + 4;
                        break;
 
                case FR_RADIUS_CODE_ACCOUNTING_REQUEST:
                case FR_RADIUS_CODE_COA_REQUEST:
                case FR_RADIUS_CODE_DISCONNECT_REQUEST:
                        decode_ctx->request_authenticator = zeros;
                        break;
 
                default:
                        fr_strerror_const("No authentication vector passed for packet decode");
                        return -1;
                }
        }
 
        if (decode_ctx->request_code) {
                int code = packet[0];
 
                fr_assert(code < FR_RADIUS_CODE_MAX); /* checked by fr_radius_ok() */
                fr_assert(decode_ctx->request_code < FR_RADIUS_CODE_MAX); /* checked by fr_radius_ok() */
 
                if (!allowed_replies[code]) {
                        fr_strerror_printf("%s packet received unknown reply code %s",
                                           fr_radius_packet_name[decode_ctx->request_code], fr_radius_packet_name[code]);
                        return DECODE_FAIL_UNKNOWN_PACKET_CODE;
                }
 
                /*
                 *      Protocol error can reply to any packet.
                 *
                 *      Status-Server can get any reply.
                 *
                 *      Otherwise the reply code must be associated with the request code we sent.
                 */
                if ((code != FR_RADIUS_CODE_PROTOCOL_ERROR) && (decode_ctx->request_code != FR_RADIUS_CODE_STATUS_SERVER) &&
                    (allowed_replies[code] != decode_ctx->request_code)) {
                        fr_strerror_printf("%s packet received invalid reply code %s",
                                           fr_radius_packet_name[decode_ctx->request_code], fr_radius_packet_name[code]);
                        return DECODE_FAIL_UNKNOWN_PACKET_CODE;
                }
        }
 
        /*
         *      We can skip verification for dynamic client checks, and where packets are unsigned as with
         *      RADIUS/1.1.
         */
        if (decode_ctx->verify) {
                if (!decode_ctx->request_authenticator) decode_ctx->request_authenticator = zeros;
 
                if (fr_radius_verify(packet, decode_ctx->request_authenticator,
                                     (uint8_t const *) decode_ctx->common->secret, decode_ctx->common->secret_length,
                                     decode_ctx->require_message_authenticator) < 0) {
                        return -1;
                }
        }
 
        attr = packet + 20;
        end = packet + packet_len;
 
        /*
         *      The caller MUST have called fr_radius_ok() first.  If
         *      he doesn't, all hell breaks loose.
         */
        while (attr < end) {
                slen = fr_radius_decode_pair(ctx, out, attr, (end - attr), decode_ctx);
                if (slen < 0) return slen;
 
                /*
                 *      If slen is larger than the room in the packet,
                 *      all kinds of bad things happen.
                 */
                 if (!fr_cond_assert(slen <= (end - attr))) {
                         return -slen;
                 }
 
                attr += slen;
                talloc_free_children(decode_ctx->tmp_ctx);
        }
 
        /*
         *      We've parsed the whole packet, return that.
         */
        return packet_len;
}
 
/** Simple wrapper for callers who just need a shared secret
 *
 */
ssize_t fr_radius_decode_simple(TALLOC_CTX *ctx, fr_pair_list_t *out,
                                uint8_t *packet, size_t packet_len,
                                uint8_t const *vector, char const *secret)
{
        ssize_t rcode;
        fr_radius_ctx_t         common_ctx = {};
        fr_radius_decode_ctx_t  packet_ctx = {};
 
        common_ctx.secret = secret;
        common_ctx.secret_length = strlen(secret);
 
        packet_ctx.common = &common_ctx;
        packet_ctx.tmp_ctx = talloc(ctx, uint8_t);
        packet_ctx.request_authenticator = vector;
        packet_ctx.end = packet + packet_len;
 
        rcode = fr_radius_decode(ctx, out, packet, packet_len, &packet_ctx);
        talloc_free(packet_ctx.tmp_ctx);
 
        return rcode;
}
 
int fr_radius_global_init(void)
{
        if (instance_count > 0) {
                instance_count++;
                return 0;
        }
 
        instance_count++;
 
        if (fr_dict_autoload(libfreeradius_radius_dict) < 0) {
        fail:
                instance_count--;
                return -1;
        }
 
        if (fr_dict_attr_autoload(libfreeradius_radius_dict_attr) < 0) {
                fr_dict_autofree(libfreeradius_radius_dict);
                goto fail;
        }
 
        return 0;
}
 
void fr_radius_global_free(void)
{
        fr_assert(instance_count > 0);
 
        if (--instance_count > 0) return;
 
        fr_dict_autofree(libfreeradius_radius_dict);
}
 
static fr_table_num_ordered_t const subtype_table[] = {
        { L("long-extended"),           FLAG_LONG_EXTENDED_ATTR },
        { L("extended"),                FLAG_EXTENDED_ATTR },
        { L("concat"),                  FLAG_CONCAT },
        { L("has_tag"),                 FLAG_HAS_TAG },
        { L("abinary"),                 FLAG_ABINARY },
        { L("has_tag,encrypt=2"),       FLAG_TAGGED_TUNNEL_PASSWORD },
 
        { L("encrypt=1"),               FLAG_ENCRYPT_USER_PASSWORD },
        { L("encrypt=2"),               FLAG_ENCRYPT_TUNNEL_PASSWORD },
        { L("encrypt=3"),               FLAG_ENCRYPT_ASCEND_SECRET },
 
        /*
         *      And some humanly-readable names
         */
        { L("encrypt=User-Password"),   FLAG_ENCRYPT_USER_PASSWORD },
        { L("encrypt=Tunnel-Password"), FLAG_ENCRYPT_TUNNEL_PASSWORD },
        { L("encrypt=Ascend-Secret"),   FLAG_ENCRYPT_ASCEND_SECRET },
};
 
static bool attr_valid(UNUSED fr_dict_t *dict, fr_dict_attr_t const *parent,
                       UNUSED char const *name, UNUSED int attr, fr_type_t type, fr_dict_attr_flags_t *flags)
{
        if (parent->type == FR_TYPE_STRUCT) {
                if (flag_extended(flags)) {
                        fr_strerror_const("Attributes of type 'extended' cannot be used inside of a 'struct'");
                        return false;
                }
 
                /*
                 *      The "extra" flag signifies that the subtype
                 *      field is being used by the dictionaries
                 *      itself, for key fields, etc.
                 */
                if (flags->extra) return true;
 
                /*
                 *      All other flags are invalid inside of a struct.
                 */
                if (flags->subtype) {
                        fr_strerror_const("Attributes inside of a 'struct' MUST NOT have flags set");
                        return false;
                }
 
                return true;
        }
 
        /*
         *      The 'extra flag is only for inside of structs and TLVs
         *      with refs.  It shouldn't appear anywhere else.
         */
        if (flags->extra) {
                fr_strerror_const("Unsupported extension.");
                return false;
        }
 
        if (flags->length > 253) {
                fr_strerror_printf("Attributes cannot be more than 253 octets in length");
                return false;
        }
 
        /*
         *      No special flags, so we're OK.
         *
         *      If there is a subtype, it can only be of one kind.
         */
        if (!flags->subtype) return true;
 
        if (flags->subtype > FLAG_ENCRYPT_ASCEND_SECRET) {
                fr_strerror_printf("Invalid flag value %u", flags->subtype);
                return false;
        }
 
        /*
         *      Secret things are secret.
         */
        if (flags->subtype > FLAG_TAGGED_TUNNEL_PASSWORD) {
                flags->secret = true;
        }
 
        if (flag_concat(flags)) {
                if (!parent->flags.is_root) {
                        fr_strerror_const("Attributes with the 'concat' flag MUST be at the root of the dictionary");
                        return false;
                }
 
                if (type != FR_TYPE_OCTETS) {
                        fr_strerror_const("Attributes with the 'concat' flag MUST be of data type 'octets'");
                        return false;
                }
 
                return true;    /* can't use any other flag */
        }
 
        /*
         *      Tagged attributes can only be of two data types.  They
         *      can, however, be VSAs.
         */
        if (flag_has_tag(flags)) {
                if ((type != FR_TYPE_UINT32) && (type != FR_TYPE_STRING)) {
                        fr_strerror_printf("The 'has_tag' flag can only be used for attributes of type 'integer' "
                                           "or 'string'");
                        return false;
                }
 
                if (!(parent->flags.is_root ||
                      ((parent->type == FR_TYPE_VENDOR) &&
                       (parent->parent && parent->parent->type == FR_TYPE_VSA)))) {
                        fr_strerror_const("The 'has_tag' flag can only be used with RFC and VSA attributes");
                        return false;
                }
 
                return true;
        }
 
        if (flag_extended(flags)) {
                if (type != FR_TYPE_TLV) {
                        fr_strerror_const("The 'long' or 'extended' flag can only be used for attributes of type 'tlv'");
                        return false;
                }
 
                if (!parent->flags.is_root) {
                        fr_strerror_const("The 'long' flag can only be used for top-level RFC attributes");
                        return false;
                }
 
                return true;
        }
 
        /*
         *      Stupid hacks for MS-CHAP-MPPE-Keys.  The User-Password
         *      encryption method has no provisions for encoding the
         *      length of the data.  For User-Password, the data is
         *      (presumably) all printable non-zero data.  For
         *      MS-CHAP-MPPE-Keys, the data is binary crap.  So... we
         *      MUST specify a length in the dictionary.
         */
        if ((flags->subtype == FLAG_ENCRYPT_USER_PASSWORD) && (type != FR_TYPE_STRING)) {
                if (type != FR_TYPE_OCTETS) {
                        fr_strerror_printf("The 'encrypt=1' flag can only be used with "
                                           "attributes of type 'string'");
                        return false;
                }
 
                if (flags->length == 0) {
                        fr_strerror_printf("The 'encrypt=1' flag MUST be used with an explicit length for "
                                           "'octets' data types");
                        return false;
                }
        }
 
        switch (type) {
        case FR_TYPE_STRING:
                break;
 
        case FR_TYPE_TLV:
        case FR_TYPE_IPV4_ADDR:
        case FR_TYPE_UINT32:
        case FR_TYPE_OCTETS:
                if (flags->subtype != FLAG_ENCRYPT_ASCEND_SECRET) break;
                FALL_THROUGH;
 
        default:
                fr_strerror_printf("The 'encrypt' flag cannot be used with attributes of type '%s'",
                                   fr_type_to_str(type));
                return false;
        }
 
        return true;
}
 
extern fr_dict_protocol_t libfreeradius_radius_dict_protocol;
fr_dict_protocol_t libfreeradius_radius_dict_protocol = {
        .name = "radius",
        .default_type_size = 1,
        .default_type_length = 1,
        .subtype_table = subtype_table,
        .subtype_table_len = NUM_ELEMENTS(subtype_table),
        .attr_valid = attr_valid,
 
        .init = fr_radius_global_init,
        .free = fr_radius_global_free,
 
        .decode = fr_radius_decode_foreign,
        .encode = fr_radius_encode_foreign,
};